Hazards
Hazard Identification and Ranking
The risk assessment process starts with identifying hazards and the corresponding risk that these hazards pose to the organization.
The Hazard and Risk Identification workshop was conducted on October 11, 2021, utilizing the Zoom platform as part of the Six-Day Public Service Continuity Plan (PSCP) Training Course organized by the Office of Civil Defense IV-A CALABARZON. This training aimed to provide Regional, Provincial, City, and Municipal Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Officers and other council members with essential knowledge and skills for effective PSCP development. The Local Government Unit (LGU) of Rosario actively participated in this initiative by sending a dedicated team of representatives (Hazard and Risk Identification Workshop Output: Six-Day Public Service Continuity Plan (PSCP) Training Course, 2021).
The insights and data gathered during this workshop were subsequently refined and enhanced during the Emergency Operation Center Technical Working Group Workshop, held on August 11, 2023, at the Municipal Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Office Conference Room in Barangay Poblacion B, Rosario, Batangas (Emergency Operation Center Technical Working Group, 2023).
The outcome of these collaborative efforts resulted in the identification of a total of 26 hazards, categorized into various types. The breakdown of identified hazards is as follows: Climate Change Hazards accounted for 19%, Biological Hazards for 12%, Natural Hazards for 50%, Societal Hazards for 12%, Technological Hazards for 4%, and Other Hazards for 4%.
This comprehensive identification process not only highlights the diverse range of risks faced by the municipality but also sets the stage for strategic planning and resource allocation aimed at enhancing the resilience and preparedness of the community in the face of potential disruptions.
Sources:
Strengthens Rosario, Batangas’ capacity to address health-related impacts of disasters through preparedness, response, recovery, and resilience-building strategies in the health sector.
Strengthens climate resilience in Rosario, Batangas, by integrating adaptive strategies and mitigation measures to address climate-related risks and support sustainable development.
Public Service Continuity Plan: 2024-2030
Ensures uninterrupted delivery of essential services during disasters, strengthening resilience and fostering effective recovery in Rosario, Batangas.
1. climate Projections
A description of the response of the climate system to emission or concentration scenarios of greenhouse gases and aerosols, or radiative forcing scenarios, often based upon simulations by climate models. Climate projections are subject to uncertainty, because they are typically based on assumptions concerning future socio-economic and technological developments that may or may not be realized.
Source: PAGASA (2011). Climate Change in the Philippines. Department of Science and Technology. http://www.pagasa.dost.gov.ph
Less Frequent dry days or more frequent wet days
RANK: 3
More frequent hot days
RANK: 4
Increase in seasonal temperature
RANK: 5
IMT/EOC Activation Trigger
Increase in seasonal rainfall
RANK: 1
IMT/EOC Activation Trigger
Increase in number of extreme rainfall events
RANK: 2
IMT/EOC Activation Trigger
2. bIOLOGICAL hAZARDS
Biological hazards are of organic origin or conveyed by biological vectors, including pathogenic microorganisms, toxins and bioactive substances. Examples are bacteria, viruses or parasites, as well as venomous wildlife and insects, poisonous plants and mosquitoes carrying disease-causing agents.
Source: Definition: Hazard | UNDRR
Biological hazards, which cover a range of hazards of organic origin, can cause significant loss of life, affecting people and animals at the population level, as well as plants, crops, livestock, and endangered fauna and flora, and can lead to severe economic and environmental losses (Wannous et al., 2017). They include pathogenic microorganisms, and toxins and bioactive substances that occur naturally or are deliberately or unintentionally released. Bacteria, viruses, parasites, venomous animals and mosquitoes carrying disease-causing agents are also examples of biological hazards.
Source: Hazard Definition & Classification Review: Technical Report (2020) published by the United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR)
COVID-19 and Other Epidemics
RANK: 8-A
IMT/EOC Activation Trigger
Epidemics Affecting Livestock (African Swine Flu or ASF)
RANK: 8-B
IMT/EOC Activation Trigger
Epidemics Affecting Livestock and Poultry (Hoof-and-Mouth Disease, Bird Flu, and Others)
RANK: 8-C
IMT/EOC Activation Trigger
3. Natural Hazards
Natural hazards are predominantly associated with natural processes and phenomena.
Source: Definition: Hazard | UNDRR
3.1 Hydro-Meteorological
A description of the response of the climate system to emission or concentration scenarios of greenhouse gases and aerosols, or radiative forcing scenarios, often based upon simulations by climate models. Climate projections are subject to uncertainty, because they are typically based on assumptions concerning future socio-economic and technological developments that may or may not be realized.
Source: PAGASA (2011). Climate Change in the Philippines. Department of Science and Technology. http://www.pagasa.dost.gov.ph
Hydrometeorological hazards are of atmospheric, hydrological or oceanographic origin. Examples are tropical cyclones (also known as typhoons and hurricanes); floods, including flash floods; drought; heatwaves and cold spells; and coastal storm surges. Hydrometeorological conditions may also be a factor in other hazards such as landslides, wildland fires, locust plagues, epidemics and in the transport and dispersal of toxic substances and volcanic eruption material.
Source: Definition: Hazard | UNDRR
Meteorological and hydrological hazards are those resulting from the state and behaviour of the Earth’s atmosphere, its interaction with the land and oceans, the weather and climate it produces, and the resulting distribution of water resources. According to EM DAT, from 1979 to 2019, 50% of all recorded disasters (including technological and ‘complex’ disasters), 56% of deaths and 75% of economic losses are attributed to weather, climate and water-related hazards. Some of the most devastating hazards include tropical cyclones, drought, riverine floods, and heatwaves. These hazards are observed, monitored, and forecasted by the national meteorological and hydrological services of each country.
Source: Hazard Definition & Classification Review: Technical Report (2020) published by the United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR)
Tropical Cyclone
RANK: 6
Flood
RANK: 7
Rain-Induced landslide
RANK: 16
Soil Erosion
RANK: 12
Tornado
RANK: 22
Storm Surge
RANK: Not Considered
3.2 Geophysical
Geological or geophysical hazards originate from internal earth processes. Examples are earthquakes, volcanic activity and emissions, and related geophysical processes such as mass movements, landslides, rockslides, surface collapses and debris or mud flows. Hydrometeorological factors are important contributors to some of these processes. Tsunamis are difficult to categorize: although they are triggered by undersea earthquakes and other geological events, they essentially become an oceanic process that is manifested as a coastal water-related hazard.
Source: Definition: Hazard | UNDRR
Geohazards are hazards with a geological origin. They have been divided into three hazard clusters, two of which – seismogenic and volcanogenic – are the result of Earth’s internal geophysical processes, and a third – shallow geohazards – are the result of surface or near-surface processes, generally resulting in erosion or some type of mass movement. Seismogenic hazards, commonly referred to as earthquakes, give rise to specific hazards such as ground shaking, subsidence or ground rupture, but can also trigger hazards such as tsunami or rockfall. Volcanogenic hazards give rise to a wide range of hazards from lava flow and rockfall to ashfall and ground gases. Some geohazards may be partially induced or exacerbated by human activity, such as earthquakes or sinkholes from mining activity, or coastal erosion from deforestation.
Source: Hazard Definition & Classification Review: Technical Report (2020) published by the United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR)
Earthquake-Induced Landslide
RANK: 10-A
Ground Shaking
RANK: 10-B
Ground Rupture
RANK: 19
Liquefaction
RANK: 21
Tsunami
RANK: Not Considered
4. SOCIETAL HAZARDS
Societal hazards are brought about entirely or predominantly by human activities and choices, and have the potential to endanger exposed populations and environments. They are derived from socio political, economic activity, cultural activity and human mobility and the use of technology, but also of societal behaviour – either intentional or unintentional. Societal hazards also have the potential to result in disasters and cause significant numbers of deaths, illness, injury, disability and other health effects, disruption to societal systems and services, and social, economic and environmental impacts.
Source: Hazard Definition & Classification Review: Technical Report (2020) published by the United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR)
4.1 Man-made Emergencies
Man-made disasters have an element of human intent, negligence, or error involving a failure of a man-made system.
Source: Man-Made Disaster | Monroe County, FL - Official Website
Transport Accident
RANK: 9
Industrial Accident
RANK: 17
4.2 Civil Disturbances or Unrest
Civil disturbances are defined as group acts of violence and disorders prejudicial to public law and order; terrorist incidents, a form of civil disturbance, are defined as distinct criminal acts committed or threatened to be committed by a group or individual to advance a political objective.
Source: NCJRS Virtual Library: Civil Disturbances authored by the US Dept of the Army from the U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs website
Terrorist Activities/Violent Crimes in Progress
RANK: 19
5. Technological Hazards
A characteristic of technological systems is their complexity, with many dependent subsystems. Thus, failure of one element within this system has impacts that spread throughout the chain. However, impacts can also occur outside the system, with a wide spectrum of impacts ranging from national interests | 29 UNDRR / ISC SENDAI HAZARD DEFINITION AND CLASSIFICATION REVIEW such as state security, to economics, health, and basic human needs. Technological hazards arise from the possibility of failure of an existing technology as well as from emerging technologies.
Source: Hazard Definition & Classification Review: Technical Report (2020) published by the United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR)
Cybersecurity breaches affecting critical infrastructure
RANK: 18
6. OTHER HAZARD: Black swan event
The Black Swan Theory refers to those events which are difficult to predict in the normal course of business. They are random, unexpected, but high-impact events. These events are considered outliers, because there is no past data which can point towards its occurrence in the foreseeable future.
